Which type of emphysema is commonly associated with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency?

• A. Centrilobar emphysema
• B. Paraseptal emphysema
• C. Panlobular emphysema
• D. Subpleural emphysema

Answer: (C)

Panlobular emphysema is the type of emphysema that is commonly associated with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. This form of emphysema primarily affects the lower zones of the lungs and is characterized by uniform destruction of the alveoli throughout the acinus, which is the functional unit of the lung. In individuals with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, the lack of this protein leads to unchecked activity of neutrophil elastase, which damages elastin in the lung tissue, resulting in the specific pattern seen in panlobular emphysema.

Understanding the relationship between alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and emphysema underscores the importance of genetic factors in the development of certain pulmonary diseases, promoting awareness of conditions that can lead to early-onset emphysema, especially in younger patients.