What typically occurs during the early phase of an acute asthma attack?

• A. Recruitment of inflammatory cells
• B. Bronchoconstriction of the airway due to mast cell mediators
• C. Destruction of alveoli
• D. Increase in lung compliance

Answer: (B)

During the early phase of an acute asthma attack, bronchoconstriction occurs primarily due to the release of mediators from mast cells. When an asthma trigger is encountered, such as an allergen or irritant, mast cells in the airway tissue degranulate and release various inflammatory mediators, including histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins. These substances lead to the contraction of smooth muscle in the bronchial walls, resulting in narrowing of the airways and difficulty in breathing, which characterizes an asthma attack.

This bronchoconstriction happens rapidly, typically within minutes of exposure to the trigger, contributing to the acute symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. Therefore, the recognition of bronchoconstriction as a central mechanism in this early phase of an acute asthma attack is critical for understanding the pathophysiology and subsequent treatment strategies for asthma.

Meanwhile, recruitment of inflammatory cells is more prominent in the late phase of an asthma attack, which can occur hours after the initial response and is associated with a more sustained inflammatory process. Destruction of alveoli is not typically associated with acute asthma; rather, it is tied to chronic lung conditions such as emphysema. An increase in