What is a consequence of insufficient surfactant production?

• A. Inhalation difficulty
• B. Pulmonary edema
• C. Alveolar collapse
• D. Airway inflammation

Answer: (C)

Insufficient surfactant production leads to alveolar collapse, a condition known as atelectasis. Surfactant is a substance composed primarily of lipids and proteins that reduces surface tension within the alveoli—the small air sacs in the lungs. This reduction in surface tension is crucial because it prevents the alveoli from collapsing during exhalation.

When surfactant levels are low, the increased surface tension can result in inadequate expansion of the alveoli, making it more difficult for them to inflate properly. This increases the chances of collapse, which can ultimately lead to a reduction in gas exchange. The consequences of this can be severe, particularly in newborns who may be born prematurely and have not produced enough surfactant, leading to conditions like Respiratory Distress Syndrome.

Other options like inhalation difficulty, pulmonary edema, and airway inflammation may be associated with various pulmonary diseases and conditions, but they are not direct consequences of surfactant deficiency. The primary and most direct outcome of insufficient surfactant is the collapse of alveoli, impacting lung function significantly.