Hypoventilation can lead to which of the following conditions?

• A. Hypocapnia and alkalosis
• B. Hypercapnia and acidosis
• C. Normal capnia and respiratory failure
• D. Respiratory alkalosis and hyperventilation

Answer: (B)

Hypoventilation is a condition characterized by inadequate ventilation, which results in reduced airflow into the alveoli. This inadequate exchange of gases leads to an accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the bloodstream, a condition known as hypercapnia. As CO2 levels increase, this can cause a drop in blood pH, leading to respiratory acidosis.

The process occurs because CO2 is a byproduct of metabolism that is normally expelled from the body through the lungs. When ventilation is insufficient, CO2 cannot be eliminated effectively, causing its concentration to rise. In turn, as CO2 levels rise, it reacts with water in the body to form carbonic acid, lowering the pH of the blood and resulting in acidosis.

None of the other options accurately describe the physiological effects of hypoventilation. For instance, hypocapnia and alkalosis result from hyperventilation, while normal capnia and respiratory failure do not directly correlate with hypoventilation. Additionally, respiratory alkalosis and hyperventilation represent opposite processes to what occurs in hypoventilation. Therefore, the understanding of how hypoventilation leads to hypercapnia and acidosis is critical in comprehending its impact on pulmonary function and overall acid-base